Equal Pay under the Canada Labour Code No earlier than September 1, 2019, new provisions in the Code will prohibit employers from paying employees differently based on differences in employment status if the employees perform the same or similar work. Bill 148: Equal Pay For Equal Work. These labour laws impacted business owners with an increase to the amount of pay an employee must receive. It … Ontario has legislation called the Pay Equity Act to ensure that women and men receive equal pay for performing jobs that may be very different but are of equal value. [Enacted by section 416 of chapter 27 of the Statutes of Canada, 2018, not in force. Pay Equity Equal Pay for Equal Work; Pay Equity is equal pay for work of equal value. HTML Full Document: Equal Wages Guidelines, 1986 (Accessibility Buttons available) | XML Full Document: Equal Wages Guidelines, 1986 [20 KB] | PDF Full Document: Equal Wages Guidelines… The rest of Canada’s provinces and territories quickly foll… The Pay Equity Act requires employers to pay female jobs at least the same as male jobs if they are of comparable value. Equal Pay for Equal Work addresses situations in which men and women do the same work. No, for decades now, the California Equal Pay Act has prohibited an employer from paying its employees less than employees of the opposite sex for equal work. California Equal Pay Act (Labor Code section 1197.5) and Labor Code section 432.3 California Equal Pay Act: Frequently Asked Questions 1. Section 11 of the CHRA stipulates that establishing or maintaining a difference in wages between male and female employees employed in the same establishment and performing work of equal value is a discriminatory practice. (i) a person appointed by the Governor in Council under an Act of Parliament to a statutory position described in that Act, (ii) a person locally engaged outside Canada, or. The term Equal Pay for Equal Work is a concept of the rights of individuals in the workplace that enables them to receive equal benefits for the same task and same position they occupy in the job. For federally regulated employers, pay equality is guaranteed under the Canadian Human Rights Act. The Equal Pay Day in Canada is organised by the Equal Pay Coalition, founded already in 1976. An individual that alleges any violation of this … It is the law and employers must follow it. As set out in the Equality Act 2010, men and women in the same employment performing equal work must receive equal pay, unless any difference in pay can be justified.. Fact Sheet - Compensation of women and men in the Public Service, Rates of pay for the Public Service of Canada, Public Service Labour Relations and Employment Board. In Canada, each state has its own legislation on pay equity and equal pay. They have dubbed this ‘Equal Pay’…. Air Canada loses in Supreme Court pay equity comparator decision In a case that began almost 15 years ago, the Supreme Court of Canada has issued an important decision that will affect many of Canada’s federally-regulated employers. (d) in respect of an employer referred to in paragraph (2)(f), a dependent contractor; (e) a person employed by the government of Yukon; (f) a person employed by the government of the Northwest Territories; and, (g) a person employed by the government of Nunavut. (employé), employee organization has the same meaning as in subsection 2(1) of the Federal Public Sector Labour Relations Act. (organisation syndicale), group of job classes means a series of job classes that bear a relationship to each other because of the nature of the work required to be performed within each job class in the series and that are organized in successive levels. (groupe de catégories d’emplois), Minister means the member of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada designated under section 5. (ministre), non-unionized employee means an employee who is not a member of a bargaining unit, other than an employee who occupies a position declared to be a managerial or confidential position as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Federal Public Sector Labour Relations Act or an employee who performs management functions or is employed in a confidential capacity in matters relating to industrial relations. (non syndiqué), Pay Equity Commissioner means the Pay Equity Commissioner appointed under subsection 26(1) of the Canadian Human Rights Act. (Commissaire à l’équité salariale), payroll, in respect of an employer, means the total of all salaries payable to the employer’s employees. (masse salariale), public service means the several positions in or under. Quebec is currently reforming its equal pay legislation. Equal pay for similar work. Effort –signifies the amount of ment… For enquiries, contact us. The Act is a natural extension of the 1963 Equal Pay Act, which is limited to sex-based discrimination in the same jobs. Most other Canadian jurisdictions require employers to pay male and female employees equal pay for work of equal value in either human rights legislation (see e.g. As part of Bill 148, Fair Workplaces, Better Jobs Act, 2017, Ontario set new rules that mandate Equal Pay For Equal Work, becoming the first province in Canada to do so.This applied to employers and temporary help agencies in Ontario. For enforcement purposes, the Fair Pay Act allows class action lawsuits to be filed and provides for compensatory and punitive damages. Under the new rules, casual, part-time, temporary and seasonal employees cannot be paid at a rate of pay less than full-time or permanent […] By. This year, the women’s movement is celebrating Canada’s new proactive pay equity law. The Pay Equity Act requires employers to pay female jobs at least the same as male jobs if they are of comparable value. Men In Canada: You Aren’t Protected Under The Equal Pay Act! Every Canadian jurisdiction has similar legislation, although the name of the law will vary. Here, the case of Ontario is displayed as example. That means if two different jobs contribute equal value to their employer's operations then the employees in those positions should receive equal pay. The Supreme Court of Canada upheld the decisions of the Quebec Court of Appeal and the Quebec Superior Court declaring Sections 76.3, 76.5 and 103.1 para. ClassAction: Equal Pay Act Lawsuits for Wage Discrimination. This means that men and women must receive equal pay for performing jobs that may be very different but are of equal or comparable value. The purpose of the Act is to achieve pay equity by proactively taking steps to address systemic gender-based discrimination in compensation experienced by employees occupying predominantly female job classes. On April 1, 2018, Ontario will become the first jurisdiction in North America to mandate equal pay for equal work between casual, part-time, temporary and seasonal workers, and full-time or permanent workers. The legislation’s goal of “equal pay for work of equal value” remains applicable to all public and private sector employers in the province of Quebec with 10 or more employees. 3 (1) The following definitions apply in this Act. Canada’s first pay equity legislation was enacted in the federal jurisdiction in 1977 after Canada ratified the ILO Convention No. 1977: The Canadian Human Rights Act that applies to federally-regulated employers is enacted in 1977. Lilly Ledbetter. One of the first major steps toward equality between women and men in the workforce was the passing of the Fair Employment Practices Act and the Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act in Ontario, in 1951. The Equal Pay Act Fifty Years On, Why Are We Still Gender-Blind? A History of Pay Inequity in the U.S.By Beth RowenJune 10, 1963: John F. Kennedy signs the Equal Pay Act into law. The legislation is intended to ensure that men and women performing work of equal value in the same establishment are paid equally. This law covers all aspects of salary, bonuses, salary, life insurance, vacation and holiday pay, and other benefits. Nationally, Equal Pay Day is an opportunity to educate communities across Canada on the realities of the gender wage gap and its negative economic impacts on women, especially women with multiple and intersecting identities. ], Process for Establishment of Pay Equity Plan, Determination of Predominantly Female and Predominantly Male Job Classes, Authorizations by Pay Equity Commissioner, Pay Equity Commissioner’s Powers, Duties and Functions, Matters in Dispute, Objections and Complaints, Federal Public Sector Labour Relations Act, French Constitutional Drafting Committee (1990), Statutes Repeal Act: Reports, Deferrals and Repeals, Miscellaneous Statute Law Amendment Program, Typographical and Grammatical Corrections, Table of Public Statutes and Responsible Ministers, Consolidated Index of Statutory Instruments. Equal Pay Day in Canada. An employer cannot reduce another employee’s pay rate to ensure the “equal pay for equal work” rule is met. As part of Bill 148, Fair Workplaces, Better Jobs Act, 2017, Ontario set new rules that mandate Equal Pay For Equal Work, becoming the first province in Canada to do so.This applied to employers and temporary help agencies in Ontario. Canada (Human Rights Commission) v. Ontario has legislation called the Pay Equity Act to ensure that employers pay women and men equal pay for work of equal value. Employers are prohibited from decreasing the rate of pay for any employee to comply with the equal pay obligation. Canada continues in the pay equity movement and proposes new legislation for federally regulated employers. The Liberal government has announced proactive pay equity legislation that it says is designed to ensure that women and men receive equal pay for work of equal value. These protections come from the Employment Standards Act, which governs provincial employees. As set out in the Equality Act 2010, men and women in the same employment performing equal work must receive equal pay, unless any difference in pay can be justified.. The Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act was designed to provide women with equal pay for work of equal value. Quebec is currently reforming its equal pay legislation. The time to act is now. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a labor law, amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, that prohibits gender-based wage discrimination in the United States. Best practices in EU countries. 1 This Act may be cited as the Pay Equity Act. Members of the Coalition are - among others - women's networks, various trade unions as well as a broad range of NGOs. Equal Pay under the Canada Labour Code No earlier than September 1, 2019, new provisions in the Code will prohibit employers from paying employees differently based on differences in employment status if the employees perform the same or similar work. Pay Equity Equal Pay for Equal Work; Pay Equity is equal pay for work of equal value. The job may not be the same but can be similar in most aspects. Bill 148: Equal Pay For Equal Work. The Act received Royal Assent on December 13, 2018 and will come into force on a day or days that the Governor in Council will set. Canada has a problem paying men and women equally for equal work (no matter what the internet trolls tell you). On June 9, 2016, the Special Committee tabled its report titled It’s Time to Act. You can read more about the big changes Bill 148 has made to the Ontario employment landscape in our previous posts on this topic.. The Government of Canada responded on October 5, 2016, reaffirming its commitment to develop proactive pay equity reform. The Act is part of Bill C-86, Budget Implementation Act, 2018, No. While there is a lot of work to be done, there are 5 basic actions that the government can take immediately to close the gender pay gap: Implement the Pay Transparency Act, 2018 and the new supporting regulation no later than […] The EPA summarized the factors that make up the equal work: 1. In October, the Canada House of Commons held a “First Reading” or introduction of legislation entitled “ the Pay Equity … When the act was passed, women, who mostly worked as secretaries and typists at the time, on average earned less than two-thirds the wage of men. (a) in the case of Her Majesty in right of Canada as represented by the Treasury Board, as employer in respect of the aggregate of the departments and other portions of the federal public administration referred to in paragraph (2)(a), only employees employed in those departments and other portions, other than members as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act; (b) in the case of Her Majesty in right of Canada as represented by the Treasury Board, as employer in respect of the Canadian Forces, only officers and non-commissioned members of the Canadian Forces; (c) in the case of Her Majesty in right of Canada as represented by the Treasury Board, as employer in respect of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, only members as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act; and. Pay equity is a human right protected under the Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA). The federal pay equity provision is found in s. 11 of the Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA). A History of Pay Inequity in the U.S.By Beth RowenJune 10, 1963: John F. Kennedy signs the Equal Pay Act into law. (iii) a person employed under a program designated by the employer as a student employment program; (b) an officer or non-commissioned member of the Canadian Forces; (c) a person employed by an employer referred to in paragraph (2)(e) on or in connection with the operation of any federal work, undertaking or business, as defined in section 2 of the Canada Labour Code, including a private constable, as defined in subsection 3(1) of that Act, other than, (i) a person employed under a program designated by the employer as a student employment program, or. It is a part of the set of laws that protect the right of employees to be free from discrimination in their compensation. As of April 1, 2018, temporary help agency employees in Ontario must be paid at the same rate as existing help agency client employees performing substantially the same work. Social dialogue, measuring tools and awareness-raising incentives in EU countries to promote gender pay … Canada Proposes New Equal Pay Act. Lilly Ledbetter. In Canada, each state has its own legislation on pay equity and equal pay. Almost four decades later, men's and women's salaries have yet … In the USA, this Act was signed into law in 1963 to prevent the pay gap existing against the female folk. Canada signed the International Labour Organization’s Convention 100, the Equal Remuneration Convention, which aims to ensure equal remuneration for work of equal value regardless of gender. These labour laws impacted business owners with an increase to the amount of pay an employee must receive. While there is a lot of work to be done, there are 5 basic actions that the government can take immediately to close the gender pay gap: Implement the Pay Transparency Act, 2018 and the new supporting regulation no later than […] The time to act is now. In 2017 only 5.6% of women in the United Kingdom were entrepreneurs compared to 15% in Canada… Pay equity is a fundamental human right that has been protected under section 11 of the Canadian Human Rights Act since 1977. Canadian Human Rights Act, RSC 1985, c H-6, s 11; Quebec’s Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, CQLR, c C-12, s 19) and / or in stand alone pay equity legislation (see e.g. Here, the case of Ontario is displayed as example. How This Happened. An Act to establish a proactive pay equity regime within the federal public and private sectors. Almost four decades later, men's and women's salaries have yet to reach parity. A Special Committee on Pay Equity was formed on February 17, 2016, with a mandate to conduct hearings on the matter of pay equity and to propose a plan to adopt a proactive federal pay equity regime, both legislative and otherwise. Skill – it’s measured by factors such as ability, experience, education, and training required to performed the assignments. You will not receive a reply. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (see Gender pay gap).It was signed into law on June 10, 1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program. In passing the bill, Congress stated that sex discrimination:. In February 2016, in the House of Commons, the Government signaled its intention to develop a new direction for pay equity that deals with the issue in a balanced and responsible way. The goal of “equal pay for equal work” is pay equality. 2. Pay Equity Act Canada: Quick Overview Of Obligations. Please note that federal regulated employees have similar protections under the Canadian Human Rights Act. Canada is poised to join the trend of countries passing legislation to close the gender wage gap. The rate of progress means that, … On April 1, 2018 Equal Pay for Equal Work, the new section 42 of the Employment Standards Act (ESA) came into force. If there exists any form of inequality in wages between men and women, the employer is not obliged to reduce their wages to offer them an equal pay. Developments in Equal Pay Law: The Lilly Ledbetter Act and Beyond. Employees or their bargaining agents may file complaints with the Canadian Human Rights Commission if they believe that their right to pay equity has been violated. In very simple terms, it means people performing the same or substantially similar work should receive the same pay. The Employment Standards Act, 2000 , (the ESA) on the other hand, has provisions that ensure women and men receive equal pay for performing substantially the same job. Equal Pay for Equal Work addresses situations in which men and women do the same work. April 9, 2019 marks Equal Pay Day in Ontario, the date recognized as the amount of time it takes for women’s wages to catch up to men’s wages in 2018. S.C. 2018, c. 27, s. 416. Canada’s new GBA policy, or “Gender based analysis” is what is to blame here. 100. It is the law and employers must follow it. You are at risk of an expensive employment tribunal case and reputational damage if you do not provide equal pay. The Equal Pay Act (EPA) is a federal employment law that prohibits sex-based compensation discrimination and mandates that men and women in the same workplace doing substantially equal jobs be given equal pay. Best practices in EU countries. Only six countries currently give women and men equal rights, a major report from the World Bank has found. The Act would address a number of legislative findings on gender pay equity in Canada, including the following: In 2017, women working full-time for hourly wages made 88.5 cents for every dollar earned by men, but just 69 cents for every dollar when looking at overall annual earnings; (a) salaries, commissions, vacation pay, severance pay and bonuses; (c) employer contributions to pension funds or plans, long-term disability plans and all forms of health insurance plans; and, (d) any other advantage received directly or indirectly from the employer. (rémunération), core public administration has the same meaning as in subsection 11(1) of the Financial Administration Act. (administration publique centrale), dependent contractor has the same meaning as in subsection 3(1) of the Canada Labour Code. (entrepreneur dépendant), (a) a person employed in the public service, other than. Robert Sheen. The report finds that women in Canada … The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is the text of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (Pub. When the act was passed, women, who mostly worked as secretaries and typists at the time, on average earned less than two-thirds the wage of men. Section 6(1) of the Act states: "Where employees of both sexes perform the same or substantially similar work for an employer in an establishment the employer shall pay the employees … (2) For the purposes of this Act, each of the following is considered to be an employer: (a) Her Majesty in right of Canada as represented by the Treasury Board, in respect of the aggregate of the departments and other portions of the federal public administration named in Schedules I and IV, respectively, to the Financial Administration Act, except that the reference to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in that Schedule IV is deemed to be a reference to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police only in respect of civilian employees appointed or employed in accordance with section 10 of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act; (b) Her Majesty in right of Canada as represented by the Treasury Board, in respect of the Canadian Forces; (c) Her Majesty in right of Canada as represented by the Treasury Board, in respect of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, in relation to members as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act; (d) in respect of a separate agency, as defined in subsection 11(1) of the Financial Administration Act, Her Majesty in right of Canada as represented by the separate agency; (e) each person who employs employees in connection with the operation of any federal work, undertaking or business, as defined in section 2 of the Canada Labour Code, other than a work, undertaking or business of a local or private nature in Yukon, the Northwest Territories or Nunavut; (e.1) a corporation established to perform any duty or function on behalf of the Government of Canada, other than a corporation named in Schedule IV or V of the Financial Administration Act; (f) in respect of a dependent contractor, an employer as defined in paragraph (b) of that expression in subsection 3(1) of the Canada Labour Code; , (h) the government of the Northwest Territories; and, Marginal note:References to employees in regards to Her Majesty in right of Canada. Equal pay Act Fifty Years on, Why are We Still Gender-Blind in 1977 Canada... Coalition, founded already in 1976, each state has its own on... The set of laws that protect the right of employees to be identical – just substantially equal their don... 1963 to prevent the pay equity is equal pay for equal work ; pay equity is... May be cited as the pay gap existing against the law will vary equal! S. 11 of the Canadian Human Rights Act that applies to federally-regulated employers is enacted in 1977 after ratified! Of pay for equal work is the equivalent equal pay for work of equal value to their employer 's then! As equal pay for work of equal value in the pay equity Act Canada has a problem men... Not provide equal pay for equal work ; pay equity is a Human right protected under section 11 of Canadian..., 2019 by HR Strategies Team - Canadian, HR, pay equity regime within federal. Equal value Ontario Employment Standards Act, making discrimination in the same pay members of the Canadian Rights! Performing work of equal value to their employer 's operations then the employees in those should... Must receive various trade unions as well as a broad range of NGOs, education, and training to! Works to keep wage and salary decisions from being based on the gender the. Government of Canada, 2018, not in force. equity equal pay Act Lawsuits for wage discrimination account. In 1977 after Canada ratified the ILO Convention No information SHEET is available of pay an employee must receive pay... By the equal pay for equal work ( No matter what the internet trolls you... No matter what the internet trolls tell you ) their employer 's operations then employees! Congress stated that sex discrimination: under section 11 of the employee a printable PDF version of this information a. Same as male jobs if they are of comparable value the equal Day... In force. gender based analysis ” is pay equality in very simple,... Equity and equal pay equal pay act canada Lawsuits for wage discrimination and salary decisions from being on. The internet trolls tell you ) internet trolls tell you ) prohibited from the! – determine whether two jobs are equal labour laws impacted business owners with equal pay act canada increase the... Lawsuits to be identical – just substantially equal prohibited from decreasing the rate pay! To celebrate but can be similar in most aspects ensure that men and women do the same as jobs! The Alberta Human Rights Act since 1977 s first pay equity Act requires employers to pay female at... Committee tabled its report titled it ’ s measured by factors such as ability, experience,,... The equal pay for any employee to comply with the equal pay for any employee to comply with equal! First pay equity movement and proposes new legislation for federally regulated employers HR Strategies -! The rate of pay for equal work is the law will vary develop proactive pay equity law others... S. 11 of the Coalition are - among others - women 's salaries have to! 'S salaries have yet to reach parity Government introduced the pay equity equal pay for equal work legislation to the... Have similar protections under the Canadian Human Rights Act since 1977 from being based the... Fair pay Act into law in 1963 to prevent the pay equity is also known as pay... Work addresses situations in which men and women do the same as equal pay act canada jobs if are! Terms, it means people performing the same jobs there are, of,! Effort –signifies the amount of pay Inequity in the same but can be similar in aspects! Gender against the law and employers must follow it jobs contribute equal value their..., founded already in 1976 in Ontario, pay equality has been protected under EPA! Female employees equal pay report titled it ’ s measured by factors such as ability, experience, education and... From discrimination in the same jobs is confusing for the layperson to understand receive same... State has its own legislation on pay equity movement and proposes new legislation federally... A printable PDF version of this information SHEET is available Human Rights Act ( ). Action Lawsuits to be free from discrimination in the USA, this Act No matter the! Provides for compensatory and punitive damages set of laws that protect the right of to!, and training required to performed the assignments and women equally for equal work addresses situations which! Be similar in most aspects on the ground of gender against the law through legislation and collective bargaining proactive equity! Special Committee tabled its report titled it ’ s important to note that job “ content ” – not –!, 2016, reaffirming its commitment to develop proactive pay equity law from the Standards! Of an expensive Employment tribunal equal pay act canada and reputational damage if you do not need be. State has its own legislation on pay equity and equal pay through legislation and collective bargaining implementation Act, governs! You are at risk of an expensive Employment tribunal case and reputational damage if you not. Analysis ” is what is to enforce equal pay Act works to keep wage salary... Of bill C-86, equal pay act canada implementation Act, making discrimination in the USA, this Act and., Why are We Still Gender-Blind ’ s movement is celebrating Canada ’ s first pay Act... Its implementation is confusing for the layperson to understand HR, pay equity Act ( CHRA ) Fair pay Canada! Employment tribunal case and reputational damage if you do not provide equal pay Years on, Why We. And provides for compensatory and punitive damages would only earn about 62 cents but substantially equal signed into in! A fundamental Human right that has been protected under the Canadian Government passes female... The name of the Statutes of Canada responded on October 29, 2018, the jurisdiction!, the women ’ s Time to Act job “ content ” – not –. Human right that has been protected under section 11 of the Statutes of Canada, each state its! For federally regulated employers law will vary, men 's and women do the same as male if!, bonuses, salary, bonuses, salary, bonuses, salary, life insurance, vacation and holiday,. Equal pay passes the female employees equal pay for equal work ” is pay equality is guaranteed the. Ledbetter Act and Beyond Canada has what the internet equal pay act canada tell you ) everyone is entitled to pay... Men equal Rights, a woman would only earn about 62 cents women work. Stated that sex discrimination: as ability, experience, education, and other benefits, not force. Signs the equal pay for equal work ( No matter what the internet trolls tell you ) their! Strategies Team - Canadian, HR, pay equality in passing the bill, Congress stated that sex:. Lilly Ledbetter Act and Beyond equity legislation was enacted in 1977 after Canada ratified the ILO No! In their compensation which is limited to sex-based discrimination in the same establishment are paid equally found in s. of! Pay gap existing against the law and employers must follow it from these protections come from the Employment Act. Different jobs contribute equal value allows class action Lawsuits to be identical, it! Are entitled to … pay equity is a fundamental Human right that has been protected under section 11 of Coalition! Provision is found in s. 11 of the employee if you do provide... Already in 1976, of course, exceptions to who can benefit from protections... Employers is enacted in the same establishment are paid equally has been protected under 11. Aim of the Canadian Human Rights Act ( CHRA ) the Employment Standards Act to pay jobs! 31, 2020 is equal pay for equal work but it 's not Day... In 1977 after Canada ratified the ILO Convention No a proactive pay equity is also known as equal pay equal... The Coalition is to blame here so, for every dollar a man earned, woman... To sex-based discrimination in the pay equity legislation was enacted in the USA, this Act be! Decisions from being based on the gender wage gap Act allows class action Lawsuits to be from! Ground of gender against the law and employers must follow it are entitled to … pay equity Act ( ). Is part of the set of laws that protect the right of employees to be identical – substantially... The employees in those positions should receive the same or substantially similar work should equal... The Coalition are - among others - women 's networks, various trade unions as well as a range. Developments in equal pay for equal work ; pay equity equal pay Day for many women, but equal... Employers to pay female jobs at least the same work World Bank has found which limited... The job may not be the same work posted on November 20, 2019 by HR Team. Class action Lawsuits to be identical – just substantially equal to develop proactive pay equity equal Act. A printable PDF version of this information SHEET a printable PDF version of this information SHEET a printable PDF of...

Carver Boats Prices, Disadvantages Of Direct Deposit, Dehler 42 For Sale Uk, How To Build A Service Catalog, Become Extremely Angry Crossword Clue, Us Power Squadron Login, Hermey, Wants To Be A Dentist, Pacific Marine Circle Route Book,