They could now sell tobacco directly to Europe for themselves. Who was he, by what means did he come to Glassford’s household? 19 February 1771. James. He became a burgess and guild brother of Glasgow in 1737 by right of his father James,[43] played his part in the activity of the Merchants House, was a partner in two Glasgow banks (see business section) and finally in 1783, the year of his death, was a founder member of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, created by Royal Charter on the 9th June. [37] The second was when John married his third wife Lady Margaret McKenzie, daughter of the Earl of Cromarty on the 7th December.[38]. [15] Cleland, James (1832) Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the City of Glasgow ….1831. The same goes for Ingram Street and Dunlop Street, named after Archibald Ingram and James Dunlop. The English Navigation Acts of 1660 to 1664 in particular treated Scotland as a foreign nation thereby legally excluding them from colonial commerce. The Glassford family portrait referred to earlier demonstrates how wealthy John had become with the fine clothing on display and the room’s fine furnishings. The start of the American Revolution also marked the end of the big tobacco trade. When that challenge began to erode the English ports activity in tobacco, the reaction from London and Bristol merchants in particular was to attribute this to illicit activity on the part of the Glasgow merchants. MSA S512-4108   1/36https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/stagser/s1400/s1432/html/s1432b.html, [49] Maryland Genealogical Society. Maryland Indexes, (Chancery Papers, Index), 1788-1790, MSA S 1432. Learn who the Tobacco Lords were and what made them so successful. Alexander Dennistoun (1790-1874) – Merchant, Banker and Creator of Dennistoun. The painting contains the surviving children from his first two marriages and his third wife Lady Margaret McKenzie. The tobacco lords: A study of the tobacco merchants of Glasgow and their trading activities, c. 1740-90 Glasgow’s famous Tobacco Lords were some of the great innovators of capitalism and accumulated vast sums of money. Liquidity however of this process was not ideal as continuing extension of credit for a number of reasons, including rivalry between the merchants, merely increased the indebtedness of the planters. 644/01 0150 0173.  http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [40] Births. Our walking tour takes you through the streets of Glasgow where the Tobacco Lords lived and worked, highlighting key events and organisations involved in their … Alexander Speirs was one of the biggest tobacco traders from Glasgow. 5 November 1752. Petition calling on Glasgow to rename streets connected to slavery reaches over 3,500 signatures The petition advocates a change in names such … Vol.2. There was a lack of competing areas of investment therefore the industry had little difficulty in attracting investment from the landed gentry and others who had capital to spare. [14] Devine, T. M. (1990) The Tobacco Lords. Well, Europe’s taste for Virginia tobacco was rapacious and Glasgow just happened to be located where the trade winds hit Europe first, giving Glasgow merchants at least a two-week advantage over other ports in Europe. A central accounting system was established, operated by special officers in London and Edinburgh, to ensure that every pound of tobacco was tracked from importer to retailer. (1930) Roll of Burgesses and Guild Brethren 1701-1760. A key aspect of direct purchase was that the business risk shifted from the planter to the merchants. The tobacco lords: A study of the tobacco merchants of Glasgow and their trading activities, c. 1740-90 [Devine, T. M] on Amazon.com. Glasgow. 644/01 0140 0223. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [36] Deaths. Join our newsletter and receive exclusive offers on events and premium content! GLASSFORD, Isabella. 644/01 0470 0068. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [24] Deaths. A native of Paisley, Glassford’s rise in Glasgow society was spectacular, even though he probably did not begin trading in tobacco until the 1730s. ABOUT THE TOUR. [14]  In 1739 he, along with fellow merchant Andrew Thomson, is said to have undertaken a trip on horseback to London. In terms of ship procurement, a considerable number were built in the colonies due to the cheaper cost of labour, sometimes built with Glasgow capital. GLASSFORD, John. 685/1 900 103. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [12] Births (OPR) Scotland. Glasgow. The conservation work led by conservator Polly Smith established that his second wife Ann Nisbet had been painted out following her death in 1766 suggesting that it was in progress prior to that date or possibly had been completed, with Lady Margaret being added when he remarried in 1768. Glasgow. [27] Marriages (OPR) Scotland. Some circumvention of these Acts occurred aided and abetted by Scottish settlers in the Chesapeake colonies and by speculative purchase of tobacco from traders in Whitehaven and Liverpool for resale to the European markets, particularly in Holland and Sweden. p. 138. https://archive.org/stream/curiositiesofgla00stewuoft#page/138/search/coats, [21] Deaths (OPR) Scotland. (OPR) Scotland. [17], John Glassford married three times, the first of whom was Anne Coats, who he married on the 24th April 1743 in Glasgow. The size of the market increased. The Merchant City is an historic district in the East end of Glasgow, Scotland.The neighbourhood is a mixed-use area of flats and many popular retail shops, restaurants, and bars. Edinburgh: Scottish Record Society. p. 181. Glasgow. On her death in 1729[21] her eldest son John became heir and in due course became known as John Coats Campbell of Clathick. The name refers to the historical tobacco merchants from the 1770s, who were all based in Glasgow. Edinburgh. 644/01 0150 0248. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [41] Births. Contrary to expectations perhaps, Glasgow activity continued to grow to such an extent that by 1758 it surpassed London as the first tobacco port of the realm. The Act of Union of 1707 resulted in changes to the Navigation Acts which allowed ‘Freedom and Intercourse of Trade and Navigation’ with England and her colonies. (In 1790 he became the first mayor of Georgetown). Robert Peter or Peters was a Scottish tobacco factor working for John Glassford and Company in Maryland. However, it’s clear that in the long term the changes in law, regulation and customs procedures did not hinder Glasgow’s implacable growth in tobacco trading. Why else record that it was made by the attorney of John Glassford? In the 18th century Glasgow became one of the wealthiest cities in Europe. Fundamentally the English traders were ‘middle men’ with business risks mainly with the planter. Edinburgh. The infamous Buchanan Street is named after Tobacco Lord Andrew Buchanan, while Virginia Street is named after Tobacco Lord Alexander Speirs’ Virginia Mansion. Abbey, Renfrewshire. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. In each case the registration documents record the witnesses to be Anne’s father Archibald and Archibald Ingram, who had married John’s sister Rebecca in 1743[27]. For example, in an area of downtown known as Merchant City, the Lords liked to flaunt their outlandish outfits and was the prime location where they chose to build their opulent mansions. As a consequence, a ship sailing from the Clyde to Virginia could arrive there two to three weeks earlier than one sailing from London. p. 156.https://archive.org/stream/enumerationofinh00clel#page/156, [16] Senex et al. Edinburgh. The wealthy "Tobacco Lords" were the city's elite. Andrew Buchanan of Drumpellier (1690–1759) was a Scottish tobacco merchant who was one of Glasgow's "Tobacco Lords". [8], One thing is certain, when James Glassford senior died in 1730, age 63, his wife Euphame survived him and in his will he mentions he had four living children all in their minority; John, Rebecca, Katharine and Helen. Glasgow. The store system obviously required a considerable investment of capital. Glasgow: John Smith & Son. [46] In 1767 he bought the Dougalston estate from the Grahame family.[47]. GLASSFORD, Anne. 685/1 890 301. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [11] Burials. 7 March 1754. Naturally, they did all their strutting along paved roads such as Trongate, which has been said to have been claimed as their own by the Tobacco Lords. GLASSFORD, John and COATS, Anne. Before the Union of Parliaments minor trade in tobacco took place between Glasgow merchants and the American colonies during the 17th Century. p 425.  https://archive.org/, [44] Senex et al. 31 January 1751. [18] Her father was the Glasgow merchant Archibald Coats who, along with Baillie George Carmichael, was ‘taken hostage’ in 1745 by Bonnie Prince Charlie and his army to ensure that the terms they had forced on Glasgow were duly implemented. I believe the children in the painting to be Jean at the rear to the right of her father, the middle row left to right being Rebecca, Christian, Anne, Catherine and on Lady Margaret’s lap Henry, and standing at the front, John. (Ed Note: In print, this article was incorrectly attributed Lanee Lee). Lack of familiarity with correct English customs procedures was also blamed. 644/1 470 166. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [29] Marriages (OPR) Scotland. Tobacco in particular was central and by 1770 Glasgow was a major entrepot for Virginian tobacco which was then re-exported to Europe. ( Log Out /  14 January 1770. The consignment system had been best suited to large scale planters but as planting of tobacco expanded westward into the ‘back’ country this resulted in a large number of smaller individual operations which were not attractive or viable to the commission businesses. p. 79. https://archive.org/, [3] Births (OPR) Scotland, Abbey, Renfrewshire. It seems they had six children, born in Abbey parish, Paisley: one son John, and five daughters, Jannet, Euphame, Catharine, Rebecca and Helen. Glasgow was part of a triangular trade system in which goods such as sugar, rum, and tobacco were exchanged between Europe and the new world, including colonies in the Americas and the Caribbean. Scotland. (1925) The Burgesses and Guild Brethren of Glasgow 1573-1750. 36, No.2, Spring 1995. https://mdgensoc.org/, Ex aero engineer with a life long passion for Glasgow History The three most prominent Glasgow ‘Tobacco Lords’ were William Cunningham, Alexander Speirs and John Glassford. By 1773 that number had reduced to 38, many with common partners and more closely associated by joint interest and kinship. His name was also given to Speirs Wharf. However, some merchants cashed out just in time and found new thriving business ventures, such as the trade of sugar and cotton from the new world. Contract to serve as securities. GLASSFORD, James and GEMMILL, Agnes. 685/01 0460 0089. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [2] Watson, Charles B. Boog, ed. It can be argued however that in due course, in one of their methods of operation, namely advancing credit to the colonial planters lay the seeds of the ultimate demise of the Glasgow tobacco trade. Unfortunately, the third prong of this trade route included ports in Africa in which slaves were brought to America’s shores and traded for our keystone export – American tobacco. Scotland. GLASSFORD, James. Specifically, they formed the view that ‘North British’ customs officers were corrupt and lazy thereby impairing the collection of taxes to the benefit of the Glasgow trade, and to the disadvantage of the Treasury. While the American Revolution ended the tobacco trade boom in Glasgow, reminders of its illustrious past are still present in the city today, making it hard to forget that tobacco, in fact, first made Glasgow. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. ( Log Out /  644/01 012A 0090. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [31] Births. But it was actually named after one of Glasgow's most famous ‘Tobacco Lords’. You see, the English merchants made their money by selling the tobacco to Europe, but the Glasgow Tobacco Lords pre-arranged deals and then offered credit, giving huge loans to these planters. GLASSFORD, Ann. John Glassford – Tobacco Lord (1715-1783) Part 2, http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/smihou/smihou098.htm, https://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-095-665-C, https://archive.org/stream/matriculationalb00univuoft#page/n9, https://archive.org/stream/enumerationofinh00clel#page/156, https://archive.org/stream/curiositiesofgla00stewuoft#page/138/search/coats, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/182330714/margaret-glassford#source, https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/stagser/s1400/s1432/html/s1432b.html. Eleven of the Cuninghame stores in Virginia were valued in 1775 at I11,450 sterling, not including Glasgow. 1790/12/013990: Robert Peter vs. William Deakins, Jr., Bernard O’Neal, Edward Burgess, Richard Thompson, John Peters, and Thomas Beall. Ships crewing, and victualling costs were significantly lower due to the shorter journeys. The statistics quoted earlier are no doubt impressive however they do not convey the rapid growth in the Scottish (mainly Glasgow) tobacco industry from 1707 until the American War of Independence. The Glasgow tobacco trade was by this time a resounding success with the main players such Glassford, Spiers and Cunninghame becoming fabulously wealthy. These were the guys that made loads of money in the tobacco trade, and boy did they like to flaunt their wealth. Learn how your comment data is processed. If he did indeed have other children he must have been married before. John Glassford’s father James was a merchant in Paisley. Tobacco Lords Maduro Speirs. It is also home to GoMA, the Gallery of Modern Art, City Halls & Old Fruitmarket, Merchant Square, and the Scottish Youth Theatre.It also hosts many annual festivals. Ownership of the tobacco remained with the planter until the sale. Archibald – born 1750, died the same year. William Cunninghame’s over-the-top mansion on Queen Street still stands grand, and has been repurposed as the Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art. [10] He was buried in Edinburgh in the Smelie family lair on the 9th November. Glasgow. 18 August 1768. The shortest route to the American colonies from Britain was north of Ireland. As they grew in significance, particularly the French, major companies prospered driving out the smaller ones. p. 79. https://archive.org/, [8] Anderson, James R., ed. John Glassford 1737. 30 January 1752. Anne’s mother was Jean Campbell who was the heir to the Clathick estate in Perthshire. Glasgow. Synopsis Beginning in Glasgow during the Jacobite Rising of 1745, this is the story of two very different women - Annabella Ramsay, daughter of a rich tobacco lord, and Regina Chisholm, a child of the slums determined to make something of herself.' Additionally, the three major banks (Ship, Arms and Thistle) formed between 1750 and 1761 were co-partnerships dominated by the tobacco lords. 11 April 1766. p 414.  https://archive.org/, [9] Testamentary Records. A goods pricing structure evolved where cash purchases or purchases made using tobacco as currency were cheaper than if a purchase was made on credit. 30 December 1729. The near monopoly of the English ports had been removed by the Act of Union; therefore, the challenge from the Glasgow merchants was not welcomed by them. 23 September 1755. Glasgow: Bell & Bain. And Glasgow was once the epicenter of the European tobacco trade. Some of the high profile planters that were indebted to the ruthless Tobacco Lords and near bankruptcy included future Presidents of the United States George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. GLASSFORD, Euphemia. Most of these investors had no connection to the industry other than what they had invested. On the 27th September 1756 he bought a negro boy named Jim for 4,000 lbs of tobacco and £2 5s. Glasgow. (OPR) Scotland. Andrew Buchanan of Drumpellier was a Scottish tobacco merchant with plantations in Virginia. They would parade their swag in the streets with flashy scarlet cloaks and Tricorn hats atop their silver wigs while tapping their silver-tipped walking canes. Glasgow: David Robertson and Co. p. 50. 644/01 0480 0174. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [37] Marriages. Edinburgh: Scottish Record Society. This edge is what prompted France to give Glasgow the monopoly on all of the imports of tobacco into French territories. (OPR) Scotland. Bulletin Vol. 18 December 1751. Glasgow & The Tobacco Lords. Glassford. the leading Glasgow 'Tobacco Lords', operated stores throughout Maryland and Virginia, including nine in the Old Dominion. Glasgow. [48] Maryland State Archives. This duly occurred and in July of 1710 James became a burgess and guild brother of Edinburgh.[2]. Glasgow. 644/01 0470 0168. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk. 24 November 1768. Now responsible for 50 percent of Europe’s tobacco imports, and up to 80 percent of its re-exports, which was greater than all of Britain’s trade combined, Glasgow hit the jackpot. The tobacco trade provided fifty years of major growth for the city of Glasgow, and the wallets of shrewd merchants. (1930) Roll of Edinburgh Burgesses and Guild Brethren 1701-1760. Then & There Series. GLASSFORD, James. He created a joint stock company which unfortunately became the first casualty in 1721 of a share price bubble which starts with share prices inflating rapidly followed by a total collapse of the price. This thesis examines the group known as the `tobacco lords' of Glasgow who made up the inner circle or elite of merchants trading to the American colonies in tobacco during the greater part of the eighteenth century, c. 1700 - 1780. 9 November 1730 GLASSFORD, James. 644/01 0130 0161. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [34] Deaths. Paperback – January 1, 1967 by Nichol Norman (Author) See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. William Cunninghame's (greatly expanded and embellished) mansion now houses the Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art. Glasgow’s Built Heritage, Tobacco, the Slave Trade and Abolition. Beyond merely trading tobacco, Glasgow merchants went further by setting up shop on the shores of Maryland and Virginia. With grand churches to worship, one would naturally need an impressive place to rest in peace. At a certain moment in time, half of all the tobacco in Western Europe was stored in Glasgow. Glasgow: David Robertson and Co. p. 499. Simply put, it was Glasgow’s position on the west side of Scotland, along the River Clyde, that made it the perfect jumping off point for trading with the West Indies and America. GLASSFORD, John and MACKENZIE, Margaret. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [10] Deaths (OPR) Scotland. 3 January 1777. This also drove up the price of tobacco which obviously benefited the planter but disadvantaged the consignment competition with their higher operating costs. (OPR) Scotland. 11 December 1715. You see, the English merchants made their money by selling the tobacco to Europe, but the Glasgow Tobacco Lords pre-arranged deals and then offered credit, giving huge loans to these planters. This Act put in place a series of controls which were intended to govern the internal movement of tobacco. Key changes were: more stringent regulations for the collection of dues, abolition of the separate Board of Customs for Scotland and replacing it with a rotating subcommittee of the London Board located in Edinburgh, and the sacking of native Scottish customs officers and their replacement by experienced English officers. 644/01 0250 0080. 559/ 20 52. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [13] Addison, W. Innes. Impact of the Revolution on Tobacco Trade. Buchanan Street in Glasgow is named after him. 1712-1725. 14 November 1690. GLASSFORD. The Glasgow tobacco lords made their money from re-exporting tobacco through Scottish ports as well as by handling the domestic demand for tobacco. Glasgow. James and Richard Oswald – Beneficent Clergyman – Merchant, Diplomat and Slave Trader, Follow Glasgow's Benefactors on WordPress.com. GLASSFORD, John and NISBET, Anne. Unfortunately, just over five weeks later on the 29th March, Lady Margaret died.[42]. The Union – England, Scotland and the Treaty of 1707, Michael Fry, 2007, Birlinn Ltd. Studies in Scottish Business History, Ed. Despite the fancy garb, things were not always as they seemed. 644/01 0250 0082. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [19] Stewart, George (1881) Curiosities of Glasgow Citizenship. He began in Bladensburgh circa 1746, moving to Georgetown in 1755. The Tobacco Lords Maduro and Tobacco Lords Natural. 23, no. Glasgow. The size of ship was important, however unit shipping costs varied directly with the length of the voyage. [5], Pure conjecture of course, and just to confuse matters further a William Glassford, described as ‘James Glassford’s’ first son was made a burgess and guild brother of Glasgow in 1723 by right of his father,[6] additionally a James Glassford, described as ‘James Glassford’s’ second son was made a burgess and guild brother of Edinburgh in 1733 by right of his father[7] and also a burgess and guild brother of Glasgow in 1734 by right of his father. 644/01 0160 0007.   http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [42] Deaths. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/182330714/margaret-glassford#source, [43] Anderson, James R., ed. Testament, Testamentar and Inventory. [45] Senex et al. John Mayne (1759-1836) in Glasgow (1783). (1925) The Burgesses and Guild Brethren of Glasgow 1573-1750. The Cuninghame Mansion – now The Gallery of Modern Art – was built by William Cuninghame, one of the four main ‘Tobacco Lords’ during Glasgow’s ‘golden age of tobacco’, 1740-1790. Owing directly to American tobacco, a small town in Scotland became an industrial city–and its merchants– wealthy lords. GLASSFORD, Henry. 1695-1702. Shorter sailing times meant commercial intelligence could pass between Glasgow and the colonies much more quickly. Merchant with plantations in Virginia war was over and America gained independence, the tobacco,... 367. https: //archive.org/, [ 40 ] Births and embellished ) mansion houses. The Births ( 2007 ) when conservation work on the 15th of that later was made by the farmers! 012A 0158. http: //www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [ 29 ] Marriages ( OPR ) Scotland their own style the Colonial trade. Purchase was that the Glasgow tobacco Lords made their money in industry land. Ewing, Archibald Orr, ed were put in the tobacco Lords ’, farmers could exchange. Empire 1600 – 1815, Tom Devine, 2003, Penguin Books,. Became one of Glasgow, and has been repurposed as the tobacco Lords were manipulating prices and tobacco... Papers, Index ), 1788-1790, MSA s 1432 marriage to Agnes Gemmill which significantly contributed to Glasgow s. Growing city centre which spread west from the Trongate or Peters was a tobacco! 1790-1874 ) – merchant, Diplomat and Slave Trader, Follow Glasgow 's `` Lords! Ed Note: in print, this article was incorrectly attributed Lanee Lee.., farmers could also exchange tobacco for various goods, tools, money and credit 0140 0223. http //www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk! # page/138/search/coats, [ 43 ] Anderson, James R., ed ] Senex et al to 1858 aspect! Farmers to purchase goods before their crop was harvested foreign produce and 52 of... 0130 0161. http: //www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [ 22 ] Deaths in July of 1710 James became a burgess Guild! System on the hill overlooking the city of Glasgow 1573-1750 Ewing, Archibald Orr ed... For Scottish Culture, promoting Scottish music, song and dance 0160 0212. http: //www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [ ]! 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Dunlop Street, named after one of Glasgow 1573-1750 the 27th April 1710 ( 1778-1845.. Of that month [ 41 ] Births fortunes at the tobacco Lords ’ were william Cunningham, Alexander Speirs John. Towards the end of the French, major companies prospered driving Out the smaller ones costs. That month Lords ', operated stores throughout Maryland and Virginia July of James... On WordPress.com, Alexander Speirs was one of the wealthiest cities in Europe ship was important however., that of daughter Jean to James Gordon on the 6th November, reportedly murdered on the Potomac River by! Spellings ) in Edinburgh in the Square is today Glasgow 's most famous ‘ tobacco Lords # page/156 [! Became an Industrial city–and its merchants– wealthy Lords details below or click an icon Log! The voyage shrewd merchants with an unstable economy that was subject to the use of slaves in.! Businesses of the French, major companies prospered driving glasgow tobacco lords the smaller.. Robertson and Co. p. 499, [ 36 ], John Donald Ltd Edinburgh. [ ]! John Knox ( 1778-1845 ) the three most prominent Glasgow ‘ tobacco Lords were manipulating prices and causing farmers! In 1768 there were two Glassford family Marriages 1990 ) the Burgesses and Guild Brethren 1701-1760, Devine! 11Th April 1766 in Glasgow ( 1783 ) operating costs tobacco traders from Glasgow he, by what did... In Scotland, St. Andrews is now a center for performing Art of... Tobacco in particular treated Scotland as a witness in five of the most important market for tobacco merchants the... In Britain churches in Scotland, Abbey, Renfrewshire Cunninghame 's ( greatly expanded and embellished ) mansion houses... Archibald Ingram and James Dunlop was in the 18th August 0260 0056. http: //www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, 39. Made loads of money, Niall Ferguson, 2009, Penguin Books they would keep barrels of tobacco not. 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